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The..Real-time..Transport..Protocol..(RTP)..is..a..network..protocol..for..delivering..audio..and..video..over..IP..networks…are….used….as….defined….in….RFC….2119…..and….S…..The…specification…recommends…that…RTP…port…numbers…are…chosen…to…be…even…and…that…each…associated…RTCP…port…be…the…next…higher…odd…number.[12]:68…However,…a…single…port…is…chosen…for…RTP…and…RTCP…in…applications…that…multiplex…the…protocols.[13]…RTP…and…RTCP…typically…use…unprivileged…UDP…ports…(1024…to…65535),[14]…but…may…also…use…other…transport…protocols,…most…notably,…SCTP…and…DCCP,…as…the…protocol…design…is…transport…independent….^…."RFC….4856….-….Media….Type….Registration….of….Payload….Formats….in….the….RTP….Profile….for….Audio….and….Video….Conferences….-….Registration….of….Media….Type….audio/L16"…..Audio…data…is…encoded…as…eight…bits…per…sample,…after…logarithmic…scaling….RTP…allows…data…transfer…to…multiple…destinations…through…IP…multicast.[1]…RTP…is…regarded…as…the…primary…standard…for…audio/video…transport…in…IP…networks…and…is…used…with…an…associated…profile…and…payload…format.[2]….

The..packetization..interval..determines..the..minimum..end-to-end..delay;..longer..packets..introduce..less..header..overhead..but..higher..delay..and..make..packet..loss..more..noticeable…It…is…expected…that…additional…encodings…beyond…the…set…listed…here…will…be…created…in…the…future…and…specified…in…additional…payload…format…RFCs….0..1..2..3..0..1..2..3..4..5..6..7..8..9..0..1..2..3..4..5..6..7..8..9..0..1..2..3..4..5..6..7..8..9..0..1.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..L..L1….L2….L3….P1..P..C1….0……..0……0..1..2..3..4..5..60..1..2..3..40..1..2..3..40..1..2..3..4..5..6..7..0..1..2..3..4.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ….C1….S1….GA1….GB1….P2….C2……1..1..1…………5..6..7..8..9..0..1..20..1..2..30..1..20..1..2..30..1..2..3..40..1..2..3..4..5..6..7.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ….C2….S2….GA2….GB2……1..1..1……..8..9..0..1..20..1..2..30..1..20..1..2..3.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..Figure..4:..G.729..and..G.729A..bit..packing..The..transmitted..parameters..of..a..G.729/G.729A..10-ms..frame,..consisting..of..80..bits,..are..defined..in..Recommendation..G.729,..Table..8/G.729…Audio….applications….operating….under….this….profile….SHOULD,….at….a….minimum,….be….able….to….send….and/or….receive….payload….types….0….(PCMU)….and….5….(DVI4)…..For…example,…video…applications…may…play…the…last…known…frame…in…place…of…the…missing…frame.[22]…According…to…RFC…3550,…the…initial…value…of…the…sequence…number…should…be…random…to…make…known-plaintext…attacks…on…encryption…more…difficult.[12]:13…RTP…provides…no…guarantee…of…delivery,…but…the…presence…of…sequence…numbers…makes…it…possible…to…detect…missing…packets.[1]…Timestamp:…(32…bits)…Used…to…enable…the…receiver…to…play…back…the…received…samples…at…appropriate…intervals….Schulzrinne..&..Casner..Standards..Track..[Page..44]…..4.5.10..L8..L8..denotes..linear..audio..data..samples,..using..8-bits..of..precision..with..an..offset..of..128,..that..is,..the..most..negative..signal..is..encoded..as..zero…8..4.1..Encoding-Independent..Rules…..

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